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حول التلوث المائي بالانجليزية
بحث حول التلوث المائي بالانجليزية
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Causes of
water pollution
Different
types of water pollution
Pollution
of water: the French point
Water
pollution: which laws govern the protection of water?
Causes of
water pollution
For many
reasons, water will be one of the major challenges of the 21st century. In
France, the main challenge related to this resource will undoubtedly be the
pollution of different water sources.
To better
understand the issues related to water pollution, here is all you need to know
about its causes, the different types of pollution, as well as the measures
that aim to reduce this problem.
Different
types of water pollution
Unsurprisingly,
it is the man who is primarily responsible for water pollution, even if rare
natural phenomena (landslides, floods, etc.) can also lead to a prefectural
decree that prohibits the water consumption of the water. tap.
There are
two types of pollution:
Organic
pollution: it is caused by microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) present in the
water. It is generated by excrement, animal waste (expired meat, old bones,
etc.) and vegetable waste (mowing grass, pruning, etc.).
Chemical
pollution is generated by: the nitrates and phosphates of pesticides, human and
animal drugs, household products, paint, heavy metals and acids and
hydrocarbons used in industry.
Good to
know: in 2013, in France, 48.2% of surface water (lakes, rivers) and 67% of
groundwater (groundwater) were considered "in good chemical state".
Pollution of
water: the French point
Although the
pollutions to which the waters are subject are very diverse, there are however
2 extremely harmful pollutants very present in French waters:
Pesticides,
present in 93% of surface water and 70% of groundwater before treatment (in
2013).
Nitrates,
present in 31% of surface water and 50% of groundwater at a concentration
greater than 25 mg / L before treatment (in 2014-2015).
With regard
to industrial pollution (heavy metals, acids and hydrocarbons), this type of
pollution decreased sharply from the second half of the 20th century.
On the other
hand, the pollution to the drugs, in particular due to the contraceptive pill,
worries more and more the authorities.
Water
pollution: which laws govern the protection of water?
Agricultural
pollution
The Public
Health Code and environmental laws prohibit any polluting activity within the
water abstraction perimeters: the ZNT (Untreated Zones). And farmers are forced
to plant "buffer strips" of 5 meters between crops and streams to
capture some of the pollutants.
In general,
there is a tendency to limit and control the use of pesticides for the
protection of water and the environment:
Spraying has
been banned by air and is regulated according to a schedule specific to each
crop over land.
Professional
users of pesticides (including farmers) are obliged to record in a register
their uses of phytosanitary products.
Pesticides,
fungicides and herbicides are prohibited in public areas.
The sale of
most phytosanitary products is prohibited to individuals since 2017, and their
use from 2019.
Note: The
most dangerous pesticides have simply been removed from the market.
Urban
pollution
Concerning
urban pollution, four cases stand out:
Private
facilities (septic tanks, etc.) must also comply with many standards and are
subject to regular controls by municipalities.
Wastewater
treatment plants must comply with many European and French regulations.
Industrialists who discharge their wastewater into
rivers or lakes must control their discharges (they may have their own
treatment plant).
