تعبير
عن تلوث الهواء بالانجليزي قصير
تعبير عن تلوث الهواء بالانجليزي قصير
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Air
pollution has significant effects on health and the environment. In France,
despite a trend towards improving air quality over the last twenty years, the
limit values are still not respected in several areas. Air pollution is today the
first environmental concern of the French.
WHAT ARE THE
MECHANISMS OF AIR POLLUTION?
Natural
phenomena (volcanic eruptions, forest fires ...) but especially human
activities (transport industry, agriculture, residential heating ...) are the
source of pollutant emissions, in the form of gases or particles, into the
atmosphere. .
Once
released into the air, these substances are transported under the effect of
wind, rain, temperature gradients in the atmosphere and sometimes up to
thousands of kilometers from the source of emission.
They can
also undergo transformations by chemical reactions under the effect of certain
meteorological conditions (heat, light, humidity, etc.) and by reactions in the
air between these substances. This results in the appearance of other
pollutants.
Air
pollutants
There are
two categories of air pollutants:
primary
pollutants, directly emitted: nitric oxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
particles (or dust), heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons ...
secondary
pollutants resulting from physico-chemical transformations between air
pollutants under the effect of particular weather conditions: ozone, nitrogen
dioxide, particles) ...
The monitoring
of air pollution is based on the measurement and analysis of the concentrations
of these different pollutants and their variations in time and space.
WHAT ARE THE
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION?
Air
pollution has a negative impact on human health.
Consequences
of pollution on health
- see
bigger
Short-term
exposure (peak pollution) but especially long-term (chronic) exposure to air
pollution has important impacts on health, especially for vulnerable or
vulnerable people. Namely: pregnant women, infants and young children, people
over 65, people suffering from cardiovascular diseases, heart failure, but also
people who recognize themselves as sensitive during peak pollution and / or
whose symptoms appear or are amplified during peaks (for example: diabetics,
immunocompromised people, people suffering from neurological conditions or at
risk of cardiac, respiratory, infectious).
A
presentation of the effects of air pollution on health and health
recommendations are available in the Questions and Answers External Air and
Health of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health
Air
pollution also has adverse environmental consequences in the short, medium and
long term. These effects concern:
the
buildings: the atmospheric pollutants deteriorate the materials of the facades
(stone, cement, glass ...) by fouling and corrosive actions;
crops: too
much ozone can lead to yield reductions of 5 to 20% depending on the crop;
ecosystems:
they are impacted by air acidification and eutrophication. Indeed, some pollutants,
leached by the rain, contaminate the soil and the water, disturbing the
chemical balance of the plants. Others, in excess, can lead to a change in the
distribution of species and an erosion of biodiversity.
In France,
outdoor air pollution represents:
- 48,000
premature deaths per year, which corresponds to 9% of mortality in France;
- a total
annual cost of air pollution (outside and inside) of 100 billion euros, a large
part of which is linked to health costs;
-
Respiratory allergies related to allergenic pollen in 30% of the adult
population and 20% of children.
International
commitments set targets for reducing or limiting pollutant emissions. In
addition, European directives establish, for concentrations in the air, limit
values not to
be exceeded.
For more
information, visit the website of the Ministry of Ecological and Solidarity
Transition
