موضوع
عن رياضة الغوص بالانجليزي
موضوع عن رياضة الغوص بالانجليزي
The five most important rules in underground diving:
Underwater diving
training:
A diver underground acting with caution does not deliberately exceed the limits
of its formation.Cave
diving is normally taught in stages, with each successive stage emphasizing
more complex aspects of cave diving. (Cavern
diver - Intro to Cave Diver - Full cellar Diver ) In addition, each stage of the dive training underground
is meant to be coupled with real-world experience before moving to a more
advanced level. The analysis of recent accidents in underground diving has shown that
inexperienced academic training is not enough in case of an underwater
emergency. (the companionship or the people who form By
reading the forums).Only by slowly building the experience can one stay calm
enough to remember one's training in case of problems. An
inexperienced diver (who may be newly trained) is more likely to panic than an
experienced diver when faced with a similar situation.
A continuous line of life for guidance is maintained at all times
between the leader of a team of Underground divers and a fixed point chosen outside the cave entrance in
open water. This line is attached all the way inside the cave or the underground river. As the
dive leader lays the lifeline, he takes great care to ensure that there is proper tension on the line. And that
he does not enter the traps of line. If
visibility falls due to particles or silt, divers may find the line taut and
follow it successfully at the entrance to the cave. The lack
of use of a lifeline continues to find its way is cited as the most common cause of death
among untrained and uncertified divers who venture into caves.
Rules of depth:
Gas consumption and decompression requirements increase with depth, and
it is essential that no diver underground
does not exceed the dive plan or maximum operating depth (MOD) of the gas
mixture used. In addition, the effects of narcosis are more critical in underwater
diving, even for a diver who has the same depth experience in open water. Divers
are advised not to dive "excessive
depth" and keep in mind this important difference between
the depth in free water and the depth of the cave. It
should be noted that among the deaths of underground divers properly trained, excessive depth is frequently cited as the cause of
death.
Management of gas
consumption:
The most common protocol is the "rule of thirds", in which one
third of the quantity initial gas is used for penetration, a third for the exit and a third to
keep safe for oneself or another in case of breakdown, problem and urgency. The most
common practice is the one that is to
respect the rule of thirds, but with a focus on maintaining a regular and
balanced consumption of gas in bottles separated,
so that the loss of a complete air system will still give the diver enough air
to return safely. The rule of thirds does not take into account the increased consumption
of air that the stress caused by the loss of a bottle of air can
induce. The sizes of diving bottles dissimilar
among divers are not included in the rule of thirds and a sufficient reserve
must be calculated for each dive. Practice
in France and in many countries is to
assume that each diver is completely autonomous, as in some siphons typical,
there is usually nothing but a binomial can do to help a diver in difficulty. Most
underwater divers practice solo dive . The rule of thirds was conceived as an approach to cave diving in
Florida - they typically have outgoing currents strong, which help reduce air consumption when going out. In a
cave system with little (or no) outflow, it is mandatory to reserve more air
than necessary, by the rule of thirds.
Lighting :
Each diver must have three independent sources of light. One is
considered the main and the other two are considered lamps rescue. Each
light must have a lighting autonomy provided
for at least the planned duration of the dive. If one
of the three light sources fails for a
diver, the dive is canceled and ended for all members of the team Diving.
In recent years, new factors have been taken into consideration after
considering accidents involving solo diving, diving with pairs diving,
video or photography in caves, dives in complex networks of underground rivers and cave
diving in big caves. With the establishment of technical diving, the use of gas mixtures - as
the trimix for the
bottom gas, and the nitrox and
oxygen for decompression -
reduces the margin of error. The
accident analysis suggests that breathing the wrong gas at the wrong depth and
/ or not analyzing the breathing gas correctly
led to accidents in underground diving.
Underwater diving requires a variety of specialized techniques. Divers
who do not properly apply these techniques greatly increase the risk for their
team members. The community of divers Underground
works hard to educate the public about the risks they assume when they enter
underground rivers. The strong warning signs with explicit skulls were placed just inside of the entrance to many caves popular
in the USA. Others were placed in the car parks nearby
and in local dive shops. This practice is now happening in France.
Many underground dive sites around
the world contain ponds, which are also open water diving sites. The
management of these sites attempts to minimize the risk that untrained divers
will be tempted to venture into cave systems. With the
support of the divers' community underground, many of these locations impose a "no light rule"
for divers who are not trained in cave diving - they
can not carry lighting with them in the water. Enter an
underwater cave with dive lighting and you
are not going to realize how far from the entrance (and daylight) you have
plunged; This rule is based on the theory that without lighting, divers do not
venture beyond daylight.
The new techniques available and the divers' experience no longer
correspond to the initial phase of the local analysis of underwater diving
accidents. In the early stages, the analysis shows that 90% of the accidents came
from divers not properly trained; The
capacity of today's underground divers and the available technology allow divers to venture far beyond traditional training boundaries and
conduct explorations very far away. The result is an increase in cave diving accidents, in fact just in 2011 the
annual average of 2.5 deaths per year tripled to 7. In addition, in 2012 the
average death rate had already been exceeded and
reaches the highest peak to more
than 20 deaths.
In response to the increase in deaths during 2010, the International Organization
for Research and Exploration of Diving (IDREO) was created to "publicize the current situation of cave
diving" by listing and accident analysis through an "underground diver safety
meeting" held annually.
Underwater diving equipment
Diving equipment used by underwater divers range
from fairly common recreational dive configurations to more complex
arrangements that allow greater freedom of movement in confined spaces, a wide
range of depth and time, with navigation, in usually dark, often loamy and
convoluted spaces.
Underwater diving configurations that are
found more often in cave diving than in open water diving include bi-bottles independent
or multiple sidemount harness spare
bottles, recyclers and with the battery of harness
and wings. Bill Stone designed and used a bottle epoxy-based
for the exploration of the San Agustín and Sistema Huautla caves in Mexico to
reduce weight for dry sections and vertical passages.
Internships, extra bottles, are bottles which
are used to supply gas for some of the penetration.They can be dropped down the line during
preparation dives, and be picked up for use during the main dive, or worn by
divers and dropped to the line during penetration and recovered
at the output.
One of the most high risk of cave diving is to
get lost in the cave. The use of life lines is the
minimum standard to mitigate this
risk. Guide lines (line guide) may be
permanent or raised and retrieved during the dive, using Spools
of thread, spool, reel, for deployment and recovery of the line. Permanent
bypass lines can be laid with a gap between the beginning of the diversion line
and the point closest to the main line. Spools
of shorter coils are commonly used to make jumps
between the main lines.
The arrows line are used to point to the nearest exit and the Cookies are used
to indicate the use of a line by a team of divers.
The grub screws are short lengths of rigid tubing (usually plastic) with
a sharp end and a notch or slot at the other end to secure the line, which are
pushed into the silt or detritus of the underground river floor. to tie
the line when no appropriate natural mooring point is available.
The diver's submarine thrusters, or scooters, are sometimes used to
extend range reducing workload on the diver and allowing faster movement in open
cavern sections. The reliability of the diver's propulsion vehicle is very important, as
a failure could compromise the diver's ability to exit the cave before running
out of gas. When it comes to significant risk, divers can tow a spare scooter.
Diving lights are essential safety equipment because it is dark inside
the caves. Each diver usually wears a lighthouse principal,
and at least two emergency diving lamps. A
minimum of three lamps is recommended. The autonomy of the primary lighting must correspond
with the expected duration of the dive, as well as the emergency lights.
